طريق الدعوة
dan bahwa (yang Kami perintahkan) ini adalah jalan-Ku yang lurus, maka ikutilah dia; dan janganlah kamu mengikuti jalan-jalan (yang lain), karena jalan-jalan itu mencerai-beraikan kamu dari jalan-Nya. Yang demikian itu diperintahkan Allah kepadamu agar kamu bertakwa.(Al-An'am:153)
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Chest Pain History Taking OSCE
1. Greets, shake hands, Introduce yourself & identify the patient’s details
(Name, Age)
Good morning, Ms, Maam,.. My name is .... I am 3rd year medical students.
Can you tell me your name and your age?
2. Gain informed consent from the patient
I would like to ask you a few questions, is that okay with you?
3. Reason for patient seeking medical advice
-How can I help you?
4. Further exploration of the presenting complaint.
-Can you tell me more about it?
5. Site; location* Where is the pain exactly? (Can you point it with your finger for me, pls...)
6. Character* What was the pain like?
7. Onset, duration * How long did the pain last for?
What were you doing at that time?
8. Severity* How severe was the pain? (rate 1-10, 1 the least, 10 the worst pain)
9. Radiation* Did the pain spread anywhere?
10. Periodicity* How often do you feel the pain?
11. Precipitating /relieving factors*
What makes the pain worse?
Does anything make it better?
12. Associated symptoms* Did you noticed any thing else at the time? Nausea? Sweating?
13. Other Cardiovascular Symptoms- Dysponea, Orthopnoea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, Ankle swelling, Palpitations, Syncope, Claudication
14. General enquire; also specific enquiry about other CVS conditions/risks factors (Including Diabetes; Hypertension; hyperlipidaemia)
Surgery- Bypass, check up at IJN
Stroke, TIA, intermittent claudication (pain during walking)
15. Any prescribed medication? Over the counter medication? Allergies?
16. General enquiry; Any history of IHD / Diabetes / Hyperlipideamia?
Death because of heart problem, what age? M < 55, F < 65
Any sudden death?
17. Occupation (Are you stressful?) / alcohol / smoking history (How many per day)
Effect of symptoms on lifestyle / work
18. Safenetting (Is there anything else you want to say, please come back if you have any enquiry or problem) .
19. Thanks and greets the patient…
HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
Haemolysis is cause by
1.membrane defect(ellipticocytosis,spherocytosis)
2.enzyme(G6PD)
3.Hemoglobin abnormality(thalassaemia,sickle cell anemia)
Abnormal Hemoglobin
-An inherited abnormality of globin chain production cause by a single point mutation resulting in amino acid substitution.
-αα excess -> denatures ->bcome Heinze body ->impair DNA synthesis & damage rbc membrane
-2 types:1.sstructural alterations-sickle cell anemia
2.defect in rate of synthesis of globin chains-thalassemia
THALASSEMIA
n Reduced rate of synthesis of one or more of the globin chains: a or b
n Imbalanced globin-chain synthesis
n Defective Hb production
α-thalassemia is reduction in α globin chain.it have 4 classification:
Number of globin genes deleted | syndrome | c/f |
4 | Hydrops fetalis | Death in utero |
3 | Hemoglobin H disease | HbH (Hb-Bart’s-fetal-γ chain) |
2 | α-thalassemia | Normal HB, low MCH MCV |
1 | α-thalassemia | Slightly low |
*not usually associated with anemia
a-thalassaemia trait
Pathophysiology α-thalassemia:
HbH
n This Southeast Asian woman gave birth to an hydropic stillborn fetus with Hb Bart’s, a 4-gene a–globin deletion.
n She has hemoglobin H disease, a 3-gene a–globin deletion.
n Blood smear on the left shows a microcytic, hypochromic anemia with poikilocytosis.
n The right photo shows the golf-ball appearance elicited by methylene blue staining. The stained granules are denatured hemoglobin H.
n b-thalassaemia trait (minor)
– Symptomless
– Low MCV and MCH but high RBC
– Hb 10-15g/dl
– Raised Hb A2 >3.5%
Prenatal counselling; 25% risk of a thalassaemia major child if both parents are b-thalassaemia trait
Prenatal counselling; 25% risk of a thalassaemia major child if both parents are b-thalassaemia trait
Pathogenesis β-thalassemia
*blood smear cannot detect aggregations of α chains
*blood transfusions can corrected the anemia but give problem with iron overload.
n Clinical feature
– Severe anaemia at 3-6 months -mongoloid facies,prominent malar bone
– Thalassaemic facies
– Iron overload
– Recurrent infection
– Osteoporosis – endocrine abnormalities and marrow expansion
Laboratory
-αβ globin chain synthesis
-DNA analysis
-iron status
b-thalassaemia major
Treatment
- Regular blood transfusions(maintain at 10 g/dl)
- Chelation- the use of a chelator (as EDTA) to bind with a metal (as lead or iron) in the body to form a chelate so that the metal loses its toxic effect or physiological activity. Desferoxamine (Desferal)
- Folate supplementation
- Spenectomy (for hypersplenism)
- Dramatic increase in transfusion requirements
- massive size that interferes with breathing and nutrition
- severe pain
- avoid before 5 years if at all possible
- immunize with pneumovax and menigovax pre-splenectomy
- post splenectomy will need penicillin prophylaxis for life
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Point mutation in Hb A chain: from glutamic acid to valine l/t HbA to HbS
n Inherited sickle b-globin gene
n Molecular
– Substitution of valine for glutamic acid in position 6 of b chain
*Carrier state confer protection against malaria infection-defectives blood cell invaded by malaria parasites are more apt to be destroyed as they travel to spleen.
n Pathology
– Hb S – insoluble and form crystals when exposed to low oxygen tension
– Deoxygenated HbS polymerizes into long fibres
– Sickling red cells may block large vessel or microcirculation and causes infarction of organs
n Hb S shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right
facebook o facebook
Facebook is something make our world connected but sometimes it can be addicted...i really want to cancel my account but it can only be deactivated...means u can log in back when u want to make u-turn without delete ur profile n frens...
For now i try to limit my time for using it as preparations 4 exam juz around the corner...but i hope i have a strength to run away forever from this fb...i scare if what i have post to people in fb i didn't do...we did not care our relatioship to Allah when we alone...chatting with other genders without anything important,not bow our sight when look at the picture of female..n many more...
O Believers! Why do you say what you do not do? (As-Saff:2)...forgive me Allah
For now i try to limit my time for using it as preparations 4 exam juz around the corner...but i hope i have a strength to run away forever from this fb...i scare if what i have post to people in fb i didn't do...we did not care our relatioship to Allah when we alone...chatting with other genders without anything important,not bow our sight when look at the picture of female..n many more...
O Believers! Why do you say what you do not do? (As-Saff:2)...forgive me Allah
Ma'at taufiq wan najah
Lagu ini sesuai buat teman-teman yang akan menghadapi peperiksaan...majulah wawasan untuk islam!
Friday, October 22, 2010
SOLAT HAJAT PERDANA
Alhamdulillah diucapkan kepada Allah yg maha kuasa di atas pertolongannya terhadap hamba-hambaNYA yang berjuang di medan dakwah.Memudahkan segala urusan(terutama HEM,maafla buat paperwork last minute),melancarkan perjalanan program,mengerakkan hati-hati mad'u untuk turut serta program sehinggakan makanan tidak mencukupi(terima kasih kepada ajk ISC yang mendahulukan peserta),itu adalah salah satu cara Allah membantu kita.Semoga Allah mengabulkan segala permintaan antum.
p/s:pertama kali program ISC yang tidak perlu mesyuarat...:)
p/s:pertama kali program ISC yang tidak perlu mesyuarat...:)
Monday, October 18, 2010
IMPONDERABLES
1.Why do many blind people wear dark glasses?
"Not everyone who is legally blind is totally blind.They have residual vision.Blindness is the absence of sight,not necessarily the abscence of light"
"Many visually impaired person are xtremely sensitive to bright light and wear sunglasses to reduce amount of light on the retina"
"They wear it for cosmetic purposes, because they self-concious about their self physical appearance of eyes."
"Not everyone who is legally blind is totally blind.They have residual vision.Blindness is the absence of sight,not necessarily the abscence of light"
"Many visually impaired person are xtremely sensitive to bright light and wear sunglasses to reduce amount of light on the retina"
"They wear it for cosmetic purposes, because they self-concious about their self physical appearance of eyes."
Sunday, October 17, 2010
Syukran Ayyuha Al A’daa (Terima kasih wahai musuh)
“Terima kasih wahai musuh,kalianlah yang menjadikanku sedar untuk menguruskan diri dan tidak hanyut dalam gelombang pujian.Kalian dijadikan allah agar aku tidak menjadi sombong akibat pujian berlebihan atau anggapan baik yang boleh hanya melihat kebaikan dariku”
“Terima kasih wahai musuh…kalianlah yang menerbitkan semangat,meletakkan tentangan,membuka kecermatan,mendorong untuk bersaing,agar diriku ini lebih berhati-hati disiplin,cermat mendidik diri dan menghiasi diri untk memiliki sikap terpuji kerana berlumba dalam kebaikan dianjurkan oleh islam”
“Terima kasih wahai musuh..kalianlah yang melatih diriku untuk mampu lebih bersabar dan kuat untuk menanngung segala beban.kalianlah yg membantu kami untuk menghadapi keburukan dengan kebaikan”
“Terima kasih wahai musuh..mungkin dalam timbangan amal ada kebaikan yg tidak boleh aku peroleh dengan hanya kebaikan dan amal soleh.tapi hanya boleh diperoleh melalui kesabaran menanggung beban,keridhaan,boleh menerima,toleransi dan member maaf”
“Terima kasih wahai musuh…aku merasa mungkin ada sebahagian kata yang menyakiti kalian.tapi sungguh aku tidak bermaksud menyakiti kalian.tapi aku katakan dengan sejujurnya kalianlah teman teman sejati “
Dimusuhi,dibenci,dicaci,dan difitnah atau diperangi.Tidak ada manusia yang suka dengan suasana hidup seperti itu.Kerana di antara perjalanan hidup yang paling buruk adalah saat kita melewati proses hidup yang melahirkan musuh,mendatangkan kebencian,mengundang caci maki,atau mengobarkan perang.Masalahnya,perjalanan hidup ini mengajarkan bahawa,dimusuhi,dibenci,dicaci dan segala bentuknya juga mempunyai hikmah.
sahabatku
Bersikap baik,berkomitmen dengan yg baik,berusaha sekuat tenaga berada pada pihak yg kita yakini kebenarannya,yg tidak ada kebencian permusuhan dan pertantangan darpd pihak lain.Namun akan tetap ada menjadikan kita objek kebencian fitnah dan caci maki sehingga mewujudkan permusuhan.Di sinilah penting untuk kita memiliki sikap lapang dada seperti yg digambarkan dalam petikan di atas.
saudaraku,mari kita teruskan
“Terima kasih wahai musuh” kalianlah yang telah menjadikanku lebih memikirkan kekurangan yang selama ini justru sulit teraba.
“Terima kasih wahai musuh” dengan ungkapan yang tegas, jelas, bahkan mungkin kasar, kalian bisa langsung mengarahkan nasehat yang sangat mengena di dalam hati sehingga aku bisa lebih berhati-hati melakukan apapun.
“Terima kasih wahai musuh” melalui cacian dan makianmu, boleh jadi aku justru terbebas dari belenggu syaithan yang ingin menjerumuskanku dalam sifat buruk yang kalian sampaikan dan mungkin saja aku terjerumus di dalamnya dan seterusnya.
my brothers,
jika kita yakin berada pada pihak yang benar,kita tidak perlu bimbang dan takut pada permusuhan yang timbul.Kita harus boleh menerima perbezaan,perselisihan,kebencian dan fitnah sebahagian dari jalan hidup ini.ini memang jalan hidup yg menepati sunnatullah.Andai hidup ini tidak ada permusuhan,perbezaan ,perperangan maka tentulah kalau bukan kehidupan rasullah s.a.w iaitu manusia paling mulia dan mempunyai akhlak yg tinggi,namun puak yg ingin memfitnah ,mencaci,membunuh sentiasa ada pada baginda s.a.w
saudaraku
Semua ini membuktikan bahwa memiliki musuh tidaklah buruk. Memiliki musuh berarti ada lawan yang harus dikalahkan, ada rival yang mesti ditaklukkan. Memiliki musuh akan membuat kita berpikir mengenai teknik ataupun strategi apa yang akan dijalankan, kapan menyerang, dan kapan bertahan. Memiliki musuh akan timbul harapan dan perjuangan untuk mencapai keberhasilan. Bukankah kalo mau hidup aman, kita harus siap untuk berperang? Ingat juga, bahwa musuh ada yang nyata, dan ada yang tidak nyata. Setan melalui godaannya adalah musuh yang tidak nyata. Tapi itu menjadi musuh utama. Hawa nafsu, amarah, dan keinginan bertindak salah juga musuh yang juga harus ditaklukkan.
Maka
Ini hanya bagian dari kehidupan yang harus kita hadapi. Tapi bukan berarti kita justru menciptakan permusuhan dan mengundang perselisihan. Kita hanya wajib berpegang pada sesuatu yang kita yakini kebenarannya di sisi Allah SWT, itu saja!!!
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